儿童虐待
朝鲜的儿童在社会各个阶级都遭受着系统性的剥削和忽视。由于在朝鲜完全没有虐待儿童的相关概念,因此到处都充斥着一种暴力风气,这种风气对朝鲜儿童以及他们的成长都产生了长远而又负面的影响。
如果棍子断了,被挨打的学生就必须再做一根新的棍子。—— 金慧硕 (化名)
身体虐待
在PSCORE的受访对象中,有超过半数的受访者表示自己曾遭受过儿童虐待,其中85%的人表示自己遭受过身体上的虐待。
The physical abuse of a child can be defined as the intentional use of physical force against a child, and can involve methods such as hitting or beating.
虐待地点
家庭
肢体暴力在朝鲜家庭的各个角落是非常常见的。根据若干名脱北者的证词,朝鲜的父母对孩子实施身体暴力是一种已经被民众普遍接受的做法。
有证词表明,朝鲜父母对儿童施加的暴力程度会根据他们家庭的社会地位不同而具有一定的差异。调查显示,在社会地位相对低下的家庭中有52%的人表示自己经历过身体虐待,而在社会地位较高的家庭中则有25%的人表示自己经历过身体上的虐待。
在实施暴力的性别比重上似乎还存在着基于性别的差异。47%的男性受访者表示自己曾遭受过身体虐待,而女性受访者中表达出类似经历的则有40%的比重。
学校
朝鲜学校的暴力氛围和家庭类似,身体暴力现象在学校也是非常普遍的,体罚已经成为了学生学校日常生活的一部分。
国家机关
据证词表明,在朝鲜国家机关单位的大多数施暴者通常不会被追究责任。一位受害者的父亲向我们讲述了一段真实而又可怕的经历。2011年8月,朝鲜国家安全局(State Security Department)的特工以观看韩国电影为由逮捕了他的儿子。他的儿子在被拘留期间受到了严刑拷打。“他的左脚踝粉碎性骨折,脸上处处都是淤青,严重毁容。” 因此,父母不得不提供了大量贿赂,之后朝鲜国家安全局才作罢释放了他的儿子。然而不幸的是这名男孩在几天后因曾遭受过酷刑而导致脑出血,最终仍然痛苦地离开了人世。
“你的双手会被反铐在背后,然后他们把你吊起来的时候你就无法站立或坐正了。”
— 郑光伊(化名)
政治犯监狱集中营
在这些官方不承认的营地里,国家政党犯下了迫使朝鲜国民失踪的罪行。朝鲜政治犯的整个家庭包括他们的孩子都会被送到集中营。
朝鲜政府会对政治上、意识形态上或经济上的“敌人阶级”会进行完全的“清洗”,清洗的对象会一直延续到其子孙后代,直至原犯的第三代。
据一名目击者称,她在放学回家的路上被逮捕时只有13岁。她的整个家庭随即也被全部逮捕,但政府方面没有透露出任何原因。更糟糕的是,他们被告知如果他们询问原因或与其他囚犯进行谈论会被立即处决。
该证人在政治监狱被关押了28年,直到被释放后她才知道了原因。正是因为她的祖父在朝鲜战争期间逃到了韩国,她的全家就都被逮捕了。
孤儿院
国际人道主义机构无法进入这些场所(联合国信息委员会收集了朝鲜脱北者的证词)
一个女孩被抓后,朝鲜方面违背她的意愿并将她送到了一个收容流浪儿童的机构。当小女孩到达那里时,她就被要求站在椅子上并被用皮带狠狠地打了一顿。
除了缺乏食物,朝鲜孤儿院的孩子们还要被要求整天坐着,并且每周只有一次出去的机会,其唯一目的是被安排清理厕所。
孩子们在本该上学的时间却被安排在地里干活,受着严重的剥削。根据脱北者的证词称,孩子们不得不被要求收割庄稼,装载卡车,并参加繁重的劳作。朝鲜的儿童如果不能完成被分配的劳作就会被毒打。
性虐待
朝鲜的儿童,尤其是少女,极有可能被各种各样的施暴者性虐待。据统计,25.6%的朝鲜脱北者表示曾经遭受过性虐待。43.9%的脱北者表示曾经遭受过两种及以上类型的虐待(其中包括性、身体、经济或精神虐待等)。
Sexual abuse can be considered the subjection of a child to sexual activity that they cannot fully comprehend, consent to, or are undevelopmentally prepared for. Sexual abuse can be occur by either an adult or other children.
虐待的类型
性骚扰
在朝鲜,儿童性虐待最普遍的形式是不恰当的性接触。
强奸
强奸在朝鲜是非常普遍的。通常情况下,孩子们会因为年纪太小甚至都不知道发生了什么。强奸和其他形式的性虐待受害者不太可能报告她们受到的虐待遭遇。因此,犯罪者通常不会因此受到任何惩罚。
At the age of 10, Su-jin stayed in the care of a man. He would touch Su-jin's body while she was asleep. It continued many times throughout her stay in the house, which lasted around a month. At first, he only groped Su-jin's body. But as time passed, the man also started taking Su-jin's small hand to rub and press against his own body. Su-jin still remembers the sensation vividly. At the time, she felt ashamed and confused. The feeling was unpleasant and gave her goosebumps, but she didn't know exactly why she felt those things and why he was doing what he was doing.
“我当时正在玩我的洋娃娃,他告诉我说要玩一个不同的游戏。我只记得当时我觉得“那个游戏”很痛苦,我不喜欢。他说:“别担心,我们一起来数数,数到十,十,九,八……”我不停地哭着说我不喜欢他,但我的父母当时并不清楚我到底发生了什么。在第三次让我和那人独处之后,我的父母决定让我远离此人。”
– 朝鲜女学生(2014年脱北)
虐待的地点
在家、亲戚或熟人家中是儿童最容易受到性侵犯的地方。大多数情况下,儿童被迫成为性虐待的受害者。
朝鲜的学校也是一个充满敌意和危险的地方,孩子们经常容易受到包括性虐待在内的各种虐待。在这些事件中,教师往往是性虐待的施暴者。
One defector, Ji-young, told PSCORE that one night when she was 7 years old, as she was asleep wedged among the many people in her home, she awoke to an unfamiliar sensation. Her hand was inside one of the guest's pants, a man who was her mother's cousin. Ji-young was unsure of what was happening, as it was a completely unfamiliar situation for a 7-year-old. However, the unpleasant sensation remains stark in her memories to this day. At the time, all she could do was pretend to sleep and try to avoid her abuser for the rest of his stay.
A year later, when Ji-young was 8-years-old, she spent some time in the care of her relatives. In that house, usually 5 or more people had to share a small room to sleep. Ji-young did not enjoy staying at this house and often cried. She was quietly sobbing one night when she felt someone climb on top of her. She felt a hand grope her bare skin under her clothes, but she did not dare open her eyes. Everyone was sleeping together in the room, and the perpetrator's wife was sleeping right next to them. Ji-young didn't want to wake them, or more accurately, she was afraid that even if they did awaken, they would pretend not to see. Ji-young did not think any of them would help her. Slowly, she turned her body as if turning in her sleep and fortunately, he quietly got off of her. Ji-young was very scared and felt devastated, but it occurred to her that for some reason, she shouldn't let the others find out that she was awake, so she did her best to stifle her sobbing.
When she was 17-years-old, taller, and more mature, the sexual abuse occurred more often. Some days it was her uncle's friend, and on other days it was her father's friend or her aunt's friend and so on. They would touch Ji-young or put her hand inside their pants. She was always awake when it happened, but never made it known. The abusers would spend days at her home, and she had no choice but to face them during the day.
One night, an uncle who was high on a drug called “pingdu” assaulted her. For the first time in Ji-young's life, she resisted with all her strength and pushed him off. The anger and sorrow she had been bottling up exploded all at once and she shouted at him, demanding him to explain himself. The uncle was still intoxicated, but he saw her tear-stained face and apologized. However, Ji-young could stand it no longer. She told her stepmother about her uncle's assault and her stepmother assured her that he would be punished by Ji-young's father. However, later that day her father and uncle came home laughing together. Far from being punished, her uncle was exchanging jokes with Ji-young's father. Ji-young felt devastated. Whether it was her stepmother who hadn't told her father, or her father choosing to ignore what happened, Ji-young felt like she was not being protected.
After that day her uncle became violent. He slapped Ji-young for not serving his meal promptly and began to hit her constantly. And so, one day when her uncle again tried to hit her, Ji-young left the house with nothing but the clothes on her back. That was the day Ji-young left North Korea.
More than 10 years have passed, but Ji-young still remembers each incident of sexual abuse, all the way back to when she was just 7 years-old. People tell her how fortunate she was not to have been raped, but one cannot help but ask, was she truly fortunate?
When So-hee was 16 years old, she and her family stayed at her relative's house, which housed two male cousins. Again, the incident happened when everyone had gone to sleep near each other in the same room. So-hee's eldest cousin, who had been laying next to her, wrapped his arms around her waist. Although it had woken her, So-hee thought his actions were done in his sleep. Then, she felt his hand thrust inside her pants. She sprang up and went to lie between her parents, but was so repulsed that she was unable to fall asleep. Day broke and she was faced with her cousin, who he greeted her smilingly as if nothing had happened during the night.
Another night. So-hee awoke to find her other male cousin hugging her from behind. She could feel his stiff penis against her back. When So-hee slowly turned to look, he gave her a grin, which made her hair stand on end.
The ultimate reason So-hee escaped to China in 2014 was because her boyfriend at the time tried to initiate sexual intercourse without her consent. In fact, So-hee had no knowledge of how reproduction worked at the time and was scared that she could become pregnant from intimate contact alone. The combination of shame regarding premarital.
As a teenager, So-hee frequently witnessed her PE teacher and school principal sexually harassing students. It happened on a daily basis, and because there was no sexual education or awareness on the part of the students, they didn't understand the significance and simply felt embarrassed.
Whenever So-hee recalls her secondary school days, her PE teacher is the first thing that springs to her mind. The teacher would unashamedly touch female students during their PE classes. The scene of him fondling the breasts and buttocks of the female students hanging on the horizontal bars is still vivid in her mind. There was no way for So-hee or the other students to escape the teacher's groping hands come PE class.
The school principal would constantly spit out comments like, “Why are your buttocks so large?” or “I see your breasts have become bigger”. The students simply took it as teasing, and because it happened so often, they thought nothing of it other than feeling embarrassed. It was only after So-hee came to South Korea did she realize the inappropriateness of such comments.
sexual contact and the terror of being pregnant caused So-hee to flee to China like a fugitive.
此外,根据众多消息透露,朝鲜公共街道上的性骚扰非常的猖獗。 尤其是朝鲜士兵占据高施虐率。尽管士兵如果被发现犯有强奸罪,他们可能会在结束兵役前被遣送回家,并剥夺他们在党内工作的所有机会,但大多数性暴力案件都没有向当局呈报,犯罪的士兵也通常会逃脱相应的惩罚。
为了生存,许多朝鲜人被迫开始进行贸易,如果没有获得经营许可,这种行为就会被认为是非法的。因此,朝鲜人经常受到当局的任意摆布,并经常受到性虐待。由于自己的货物会有被扣押或自身有被逮捕和拘留的风险,受虐者也不能大声抵抗上述虐待行为。
Eun-young had to start trading when she was 14 in order to support herself and her family. While transporting goods to trade on crowded buses, men would grope her breasts and buttocks. This would happen on a daily basis. Even though her body was not yet mature, it seemed like it didn't matter to the men as long as she was female. Eun-young would twist her body or try to push their hands away, but that only gave her a moment's reprieve. As the men groped, they would stare into the women's eyes, daring them to cry out. It was the women who then had to avoid the men's eyes and turn their heads away in shame.
It was not only on buses that sexual abuse occurred. There were numerous inspection points between Eun-young's starting and final destinations. Any time a security officer, guard, or police officer initiated an inspection, they would frisk each person's body to check for prohibited items. The authorities could grope as blatantly as they wished and no one could complain. It was a matter of survival. Getting through the inspection without incident was more important than thinking about the sexual harassment. Not a single woman complained about being touched.
Sometimes, Eun-young would transport her goods via train instead of bus, but there were often multiple lengthy stops due to power shortages. When the trains lost power, the darkness allowed men to grope blatantly. It was as if they were just waiting for the trains to lose power and the lights to go off to begin their assaults.
It was no use crying out when being groped. All Eun-young and the other girls and women could do was try to avoid them by hiding in a corner.
If it appeared that the train would not move for a while, people would head to a nearby inn and all share a room regardless of gender or age. All sorts of things would happen in those rooms filled with strangers sleeping side by side. As it was a power outage that led everyone there in the first place, the inns were also dark, and it was difficult to even see the person next to you.
A man climbed on top of the woman lying next to Eun-young. The man muffled the woman's mouth and told her he would kill her if she made a sound. His voice could be heard by Eun-young who was lying right next to them. Being so close, she could hear the rustling sounds of clothes being removed and the man moving. The woman didn't make a sound throughout the ordeal, and when it was over the man went back to his place as if nothing had happened. The only reason that man didn't climb on top of Eun-young was because she was with her aunt. It was something that happened frequently to women traveling alone without company. Her aunt whispered quietly, “if it didn't happen to you, then don't pay any attention to it. It happens all the time if you trade. You'll only invite trouble for yourself if you intervene.” That's probably what the majority of the people in the room were thinking, and why no one stopped him or intervened.
According to Eun-young, what she experienced was extremely common. Stories she heard of neighbors and family members were not extraordinary occurrences that only happened to certain people. Whenever she recalled those groping men on the buses and trains, it seemed to Eun-young that there wasn't a single man to be trusted in the entire world. How could she trust men who only saw women as bodies, and who groped her when she was still just a child? The more she ruminated over it as an adult, the more anger she felt: towards herself who hadn't cried out, and towards those men who had groped her when she was not even fully mature. These feelings tormented Eun-young in the form of nightmares for a long time.
“我一看到男人就起鸡皮疙瘩,不管他年龄多大。在我看来,他们都是一样的恶心……我做过很多被男人追赶的噩梦。”
—恩永
为什么受害者们不报案?
歧视和责备受害人
朝鲜对受害者的指责和社会污名化是非常强烈的,以至于受害者最亲密的朋友和家人都不会鼓励她们向任何人申诉,包括朝鲜当局。
“在我们的社区,一名妇女被三名士兵轮奸。我听到了人们对她的评价。没有人谈论那三个士兵是谁。人们只会讨论他们对她做了什么。在这样的环境下,女性如何能大声说出自己是(性虐待)的受害者呢?
——恩洙
没有“儿童性虐待”的概念
性虐待早已在朝鲜被广泛接受,甚至都不会被认定为犯罪行为。
学校里没有关于性、避孕或性传播疾病的教育课程。学校没有让学生意识到性虐待是一种犯罪,人们被故意地保持着对性的无知。
即使在今天,朝鲜的男性也不会将女性儿童视为“未成年”,在将朝鲜女童性化时也不会感到任何的羞耻或内疚。这也正是因为在朝鲜“保护未成年人”的概念并不存在。
忽视
The failure of a parent or other responsible adults to provide for the development or well-being of a child. Children may be neglected in areas such as health, education, emotional development, nutrition, or shelter.
身体忽视
身体忽视可以被定义为忽视的其中一种表现形式,即父母/监护人或照顾者未能提供足够的食物、衣物、住所、监督或保护,以避免被监护人受到潜在的伤害。
临时性忽视
父母经常长时间不在家。
40%的人买不起食物。因此,由于缺乏食物和营养供给,朝鲜儿童在身体上遭受着严重的忽视。
永久性忽视
“有些父母会把孩子抛弃至极端贫困的深渊。”
一名脱北者表示,如果父母负担不起抚养孩子的费用,无论年龄大小,孩子们通常都会被直接遗弃。
“没办法。我的孩子当时才三四岁,但没有一个人可以照顾他。”
— 韩秀妍
医疗性忽视
医疗性忽视可以被定义为父母/监护人或照顾者未能为儿童获得适当医疗性照顾的情况,进而使儿童面临疾患的加重甚至是死亡。朝鲜虽然有公共医疗保健,但很少能够起到真正的医疗作用。
朝鲜的学校经常要求学生为老师们做体力活,比如务农。这些任务通常都是艰巨且危险的,而且在执行时很少考虑到学生们的人身安全。老师们经常会把孩子们带出教室,让他们承担这样的体力工作。
朝鲜的儿童经常受伤也是因为他们常常为了宣传活动或体育运动而接受着严格的体能训练。COI的报告中强调了这样一个故事:一个孩子在为大型团体操做准备时接受了极高强度的训练,经常因此晕倒。有时,孩子们也会因为训练和缺乏药物而面临死亡。
教育性忽视
劳动时间
由于孩子们被迫成为童工,学生在校期间经常在校外花时间劳作。
根据脱北者的证词,只要学生能得到最低保障的大米和蔬菜,在学校期间打工是完全合法的。学生们因此经常被迫进行超负荷性的工作。
培训性忽视
根据COI的报告,学生们将大部分时间都花在了非学术性的活动上,尤其是在准备大型运动会和其他强制性的大众宣传活动时被迫花费了大量的时间。
为了参加大型团体操集训,学生们会被迫暂停课程4-6个月。这期间是非常辛苦的,因为他们每天都要被迫进行高强度的训练。
情感忽视
人们对待欺凌的态度通常认为那都是受害者的过错,因此他们活该受罪。这种对受害者的羞辱造成了在家庭和学校里家长和老师们对朝鲜儿童的情感忽视。儿童往往会产生这样的印象: 他们没有得到照顾,也无法从处于照顾地位的成年人那里得到任何的情感支持。遭受性虐待的人对自己的遭遇通常保持沉默,这种沉默的影响反过来也加重了情感上的忽视。
— 金河洙
心理虐待
Psychological abuse comprises acts that may damage a child’s physical, mental, moral, or social development. This may involve the restriction of movement, blaming or discriminating, among others.
自主暴力
心理和情绪上的压力大多是由其他类型的虐待(身体、性或忽视)所造成的创伤造成的,随着时间的推移,这些创伤会被放大。由于无法正确处理自己的情绪,儿童的精神状态会加速恶化并在心理虐待中具像化。
焦虑和抑郁
朝鲜政府既不向受害者提供任何的帮助,也不试图评估儿童的心理状态。被孤立的无助感和日复一日的恐惧使得朝鲜儿童们在心理上受到了严重的创伤,使他们无法入眠。
“当孩子长时间被迫训练或遭受体罚时,父母对他们漠不关心。孩子们甚至连做梦都不敢表达他们想要反抗的意愿。”
— 金延丽
自杀行为
在极端情况下,自我导向的心理暴力会导致自杀行为,这种行为主要发生在残疾儿童群体中。残疾儿童因无法达到朝鲜的“社会标准”而遭到社会和政府的消极对待,大多数残疾儿童往往在成年之前就会夭折。
“残疾人唯一的生存办法是与母亲一起生活,直到年老和死亡。我很少看到残疾人能活到老。他们一般在那之前就都死了。甚至在我父亲和我继母分开后,我同父异母的妹妹也因过量服药自杀了,当时的她还只有19岁……”
— 李熙恩
人际暴力
儿童的内圈
从心理上讲,这是最恶劣的虐待形式,因为人际暴力对儿童的发展和安全造成了巨大的伤害,其后果是增加儿童额外的心理压力和加重自我导向的暴力行为。
社区
老师们经常用暴力行为来惩罚和控制孩子。殴打和体罚是与心理惩罚相结合的。老师们唆使学生们进行恶性竞争,在小组中表现不佳的孩子会被认为是“社会弃儿”。因此,老师给孩子们施加的压力是与孩子的恶性竞争所产生的压力相结合的。
集体暴力
集体暴力是指由一个更大的群体实施的暴力行为,包括孩子的同学、学校系统或整个社会。
社会性
不幸的是,口头性集体攻击在朝鲜很常见。这种行为是由集体批评会议所引发的,这会在孩子们的心理上留下不可磨灭的印记。
被集体性侮辱的受害者往往会把自己与社会的其他部分隔离开来,但由于朝鲜极端控制系统的威慑,受害者们往往会引火上身。
政治性
公开处决已被证明是一种非常毒辣的手段,因为这警告着朝鲜人民任何试图反对独裁者统治的人都会遭遇什么样的结局。
死刑的残忍对孩子们心灵所造成的影响是不容忽视的。
” 10名枪手射杀了4名死刑犯,鲜血四溅。当我看到犯人倒下的画面,自此吃东西都没有什么胃口。”
— 金津洙