兒童虐待
朝鮮的兒童在社會各個階級都遭受著系統性的剝削和忽視。由於在朝鮮完全沒有虐待兒童的相關概念,因此到處都充斥著一種暴力風氣,這種風氣對朝鮮兒童以及他們的成長都產生了長遠而又負面的影響。
如果棍子斷了,被挨打的學生就必須再做一根新的棍子。—— 金慧碩 (化名)
身體虐待
在PSCORE的受訪對象中,有超過半數的受訪者表示自己曾遭受過兒童虐待,其中85%的人表示自己遭受過身體上的虐待。
The physical abuse of a child can be defined as the intentional use of physical force against a child, and can involve methods such as hitting or beating.
虐待地點
家庭
肢體暴力在朝鮮家庭的各個角落是非常常見的。根據若幹名脫北者的證詞,朝鮮的父母對孩子實施身體暴力是一種已經被民眾普遍接受的做法
有證詞表明,朝鮮父母對兒童施加的暴力程度會根據他們家庭的社會地位不同而具有一定的差異。調查顯示,在社會地位相對低下的家庭中有52%的人表示自己經歷過身體虐待,而在社會地位較高的家庭中則有25%的人表示自己經歷過身體上的虐待。
在實施暴力的性別比重上似乎還存在著基於性別的差異。47%的男性受訪者表示自己曾遭受過身體虐待,而女性受訪者中表達出類似經歷的則有40%的比重。
學校
朝鮮學校的暴力氛圍和家庭類似,身體暴力現象在學校也是非常普遍的,體罰已經成為了學生學校日常生活的一部分。
國家機關
據證詞表明,在朝鮮國家機關單位的大多數施暴者通常不會被追究責任。一位受害者的父親向我們講述了一段真實而又可怕的經歷。2011年8月,朝鮮國家安全局(State Security Department)的特工以觀看韓國電影為由逮捕了他的兒子。他的兒子在被拘留期間受到了嚴刑拷打。“他的左腳踝粉碎性骨折,臉上處處都是淤青,嚴重毀容。” 因此,父母不得不提供了大量賄賂,之後朝鮮國家安全局才作罷釋放了他的兒子。然而不幸的是這名男孩在幾天後因曾遭受過酷刑而導致腦出血,最終仍然痛苦地離開了人世。
“你的雙手會被反銬在背後,然後他們把你吊起來的時候你就無法站立或坐正了。”
—— 鄭光伊(化名)
政治犯監獄集中營
在這些官方不承認的營地裏,國家政黨犯下了迫使朝鮮國民失蹤的罪行。朝鮮政治犯的整個家庭包括他們的孩子都會被送到集中營。
朝鮮政府會對政治上、意識形態上或經濟上的“敵人階級”會進行完全的“清洗”,清洗的對象會一直延續到其子孫後代,直至原犯的第三代。
據一名目擊者稱,她在放學回家的路上被逮捕時只有13歲。她的整個家庭隨即也被全部逮捕,但政府方面沒有透露出任何原因。更糟糕的是,他們被告知如果他們詢問原因或與其他囚犯進行談論會被立即處決。
該證人在政治監獄被關押了28年,直到被釋放後她才知道了原因。正是因為她的祖父在朝鮮戰爭期間逃到了韓國,她的全家就都被逮捕了。
孤兒院
國際人道主義機構無法進入這些場所(聯合國信息委員會收集了朝鮮脫北者的證詞)
一個女孩被抓後,朝鮮方面違背她的意願並將她送到了一個收容流浪兒童的機構。當小女孩到達那裏時,她就被要求站在椅子上並被用皮帶狠狠地打了一頓。
除了缺乏食物,朝鮮孤兒院的孩子們還要被要求整天坐著,並且每周只有一次出去的機會,其唯一目的是被安排清理廁所。
孩子們在本該上學的時間卻被安排在地裏幹活,受著嚴重的剝削。根據脫北者的證詞稱,孩子們不得不被要求收割莊稼,裝載卡車,並參加繁重的勞作。朝鮮的兒童如果不能完成被分配的勞作就會被毒打。
性虐待
朝鮮的兒童,尤其是少女,極有可能被各種各樣的施暴者性虐待。據統計,25.6%的朝鮮脫北者表示曾經遭受過性虐待。43.9%的脫北者表示曾經遭受過兩種及以上類型的虐待(其中包括性、身體、經濟或精神虐待等)。
Sexual abuse can be considered the subjection of a child to sexual activity that they cannot fully comprehend, consent to, or are undevelopmentally prepared for. Sexual abuse can be occur by either an adult or other children.
虐待的類型
性騷擾
在朝鮮,兒童性虐待最普遍的形式是不恰當的性接觸。
強奸
強奸在朝鮮是非常普遍的。通常情況下,孩子們會因為年紀太小甚至都不知道發生了什麽。強奸和其他形式的性虐待受害者不太可能報告她們受到的虐待遭遇。因此,犯罪者通常不會因此受到任何懲罰。
At the age of 10, Su-jin stayed in the care of a man. He would touch Su-jin's body while she was asleep. It continued many times throughout her stay in the house, which lasted around a month. At first, he only groped Su-jin's body. But as time passed, the man also started taking Su-jin's small hand to rub and press against his own body. Su-jin still remembers the sensation vividly. At the time, she felt ashamed and confused. The feeling was unpleasant and gave her goosebumps, but she didn't know exactly why she felt those things and why he was doing what he was doing.
“我當時正在玩我的洋娃娃,他告訴我說要玩一個不同的遊戲。我只記得當時我覺得“那個遊戲”很痛苦,我不喜歡。他說:“別擔心,我們一起來數數,數到十,十,九,八……”我不停地哭著說我不喜歡他,但我的父母當時並不清楚我到底發生了什麼。在第三次讓我和那人獨處之後,我的父母決定讓我遠離此人。”
朝鮮女學生(2014年脫北)
虐待的地點
在家、親戚或熟人家中是兒童最容易受到性侵犯的地方。大多數情況下,兒童被迫成為性虐待的受害者。
朝鮮的學校也是一個充滿敵意和危險的地方,孩子們經常容易受到包括性虐待在內的各種虐待。在這些事件中,教師往往是性虐待的施暴者。
One defector, Ji-young, told PSCORE that one night when she was 7 years old, as she was asleep wedged among the many people in her home, she awoke to an unfamiliar sensation. Her hand was inside one of the guest's pants, a man who was her mother's cousin. Ji-young was unsure of what was happening, as it was a completely unfamiliar situation for a 7-year-old. However, the unpleasant sensation remains stark in her memories to this day. At the time, all she could do was pretend to sleep and try to avoid her abuser for the rest of his stay.
A year later, when Ji-young was 8-years-old, she spent some time in the care of her relatives. In that house, usually 5 or more people had to share a small room to sleep. Ji-young did not enjoy staying at this house and often cried. She was quietly sobbing one night when she felt someone climb on top of her. She felt a hand grope her bare skin under her clothes, but she did not dare open her eyes. Everyone was sleeping together in the room, and the perpetrator's wife was sleeping right next to them. Ji-young didn't want to wake them, or more accurately, she was afraid that even if they did awaken, they would pretend not to see. Ji-young did not think any of them would help her. Slowly, she turned her body as if turning in her sleep and fortunately, he quietly got off of her. Ji-young was very scared and felt devastated, but it occurred to her that for some reason, she shouldn't let the others find out that she was awake, so she did her best to stifle her sobbing.
When she was 17-years-old, taller, and more mature, the sexual abuse occurred more often. Some days it was her uncle's friend, and on other days it was her father's friend or her aunt's friend and so on. They would touch Ji-young or put her hand inside their pants. She was always awake when it happened, but never made it known. The abusers would spend days at her home, and she had no choice but to face them during the day.
One night, an uncle who was high on a drug called “pingdu” assaulted her. For the first time in Ji-young's life, she resisted with all her strength and pushed him off. The anger and sorrow she had been bottling up exploded all at once and she shouted at him, demanding him to explain himself. The uncle was still intoxicated, but he saw her tear-stained face and apologized. However, Ji-young could stand it no longer. She told her stepmother about her uncle's assault and her stepmother assured her that he would be punished by Ji-young's father. However, later that day her father and uncle came home laughing together. Far from being punished, her uncle was exchanging jokes with Ji-young's father. Ji-young felt devastated. Whether it was her stepmother who hadn't told her father, or her father choosing to ignore what happened, Ji-young felt like she was not being protected.
After that day her uncle became violent. He slapped Ji-young for not serving his meal promptly and began to hit her constantly. And so, one day when her uncle again tried to hit her, Ji-young left the house with nothing but the clothes on her back. That was the day Ji-young left North Korea.
More than 10 years have passed, but Ji-young still remembers each incident of sexual abuse, all the way back to when she was just 7 years-old. People tell her how fortunate she was not to have been raped, but one cannot help but ask, was she truly fortunate?
When So-hee was 16 years old, she and her family stayed at her relative's house, which housed two male cousins. Again, the incident happened when everyone had gone to sleep near each other in the same room. So-hee's eldest cousin, who had been laying next to her, wrapped his arms around her waist. Although it had woken her, So-hee thought his actions were done in his sleep. Then, she felt his hand thrust inside her pants. She sprang up and went to lie between her parents, but was so repulsed that she was unable to fall asleep. Day broke and she was faced with her cousin, who he greeted her smilingly as if nothing had happened during the night.
Another night. So-hee awoke to find her other male cousin hugging her from behind. She could feel his stiff penis against her back. When So-hee slowly turned to look, he gave her a grin, which made her hair stand on end.
The ultimate reason So-hee escaped to China in 2014 was because her boyfriend at the time tried to initiate sexual intercourse without her consent. In fact, So-hee had no knowledge of how reproduction worked at the time and was scared that she could become pregnant from intimate contact alone. The combination of shame regarding premarital.
As a teenager, So-hee frequently witnessed her PE teacher and school principal sexually harassing students. It happened on a daily basis, and because there was no sexual education or awareness on the part of the students, they didn't understand the significance and simply felt embarrassed.
Whenever So-hee recalls her secondary school days, her PE teacher is the first thing that springs to her mind. The teacher would unashamedly touch female students during their PE classes. The scene of him fondling the breasts and buttocks of the female students hanging on the horizontal bars is still vivid in her mind. There was no way for So-hee or the other students to escape the teacher's groping hands come PE class.
The school principal would constantly spit out comments like, “Why are your buttocks so large?” or “I see your breasts have become bigger”. The students simply took it as teasing, and because it happened so often, they thought nothing of it other than feeling embarrassed. It was only after So-hee came to South Korea did she realize the inappropriateness of such comments.
sexual contact and the terror of being pregnant caused So-hee to flee to China like a fugitive.
此外,根據眾多消息透露,朝鮮公共街道上的性騷擾非常的猖獗。 尤其是朝鮮士兵占據高施虐率。盡管士兵如果被發現犯有強奸罪,他們可能會在結束兵役前被遣送回家,並剝奪他們在黨內工作的所有機會,但大多數性暴力案件都沒有向當局呈報,犯罪的士兵也通常會逃脫相應的懲罰。
為了生存,許多朝鮮人被迫開始進行貿易,如果沒有獲得經營許可,這種行為就會被認為是非法的。因此,朝鮮人經常受到當局的任意擺布,並經常受到性虐待。由於自己的貨物會有被扣押或自身有被逮捕和拘留的風險,受虐者也不能大聲抵抗上述虐待行為。
Eun-young had to start trading when she was 14 in order to support herself and her family. While transporting goods to trade on crowded buses, men would grope her breasts and buttocks. This would happen on a daily basis. Even though her body was not yet mature, it seemed like it didn't matter to the men as long as she was female. Eun-young would twist her body or try to push their hands away, but that only gave her a moment's reprieve. As the men groped, they would stare into the women's eyes, daring them to cry out. It was the women who then had to avoid the men's eyes and turn their heads away in shame.
It was not only on buses that sexual abuse occurred. There were numerous inspection points between Eun-young's starting and final destinations. Any time a security officer, guard, or police officer initiated an inspection, they would frisk each person's body to check for prohibited items. The authorities could grope as blatantly as they wished and no one could complain. It was a matter of survival. Getting through the inspection without incident was more important than thinking about the sexual harassment. Not a single woman complained about being touched.
Sometimes, Eun-young would transport her goods via train instead of bus, but there were often multiple lengthy stops due to power shortages. When the trains lost power, the darkness allowed men to grope blatantly. It was as if they were just waiting for the trains to lose power and the lights to go off to begin their assaults.
It was no use crying out when being groped. All Eun-young and the other girls and women could do was try to avoid them by hiding in a corner.
If it appeared that the train would not move for a while, people would head to a nearby inn and all share a room regardless of gender or age. All sorts of things would happen in those rooms filled with strangers sleeping side by side. As it was a power outage that led everyone there in the first place, the inns were also dark, and it was difficult to even see the person next to you.
A man climbed on top of the woman lying next to Eun-young. The man muffled the woman's mouth and told her he would kill her if she made a sound. His voice could be heard by Eun-young who was lying right next to them. Being so close, she could hear the rustling sounds of clothes being removed and the man moving. The woman didn't make a sound throughout the ordeal, and when it was over the man went back to his place as if nothing had happened. The only reason that man didn't climb on top of Eun-young was because she was with her aunt. It was something that happened frequently to women traveling alone without company. Her aunt whispered quietly, “if it didn't happen to you, then don't pay any attention to it. It happens all the time if you trade. You'll only invite trouble for yourself if you intervene.” That's probably what the majority of the people in the room were thinking, and why no one stopped him or intervened.
According to Eun-young, what she experienced was extremely common. Stories she heard of neighbors and family members were not extraordinary occurrences that only happened to certain people. Whenever she recalled those groping men on the buses and trains, it seemed to Eun-young that there wasn't a single man to be trusted in the entire world. How could she trust men who only saw women as bodies, and who groped her when she was still just a child? The more she ruminated over it as an adult, the more anger she felt: towards herself who hadn't cried out, and towards those men who had groped her when she was not even fully mature. These feelings tormented Eun-young in the form of nightmares for a long time.
“我一看到男人就起雞皮疙瘩,不管他年齡多大。在我看來,他們都是一樣的惡心……我做過很多被男人追趕的噩夢。”
——恩永
為什麽受害者們不報案?
歧視和責備受害人
朝鮮對受害者的指責和社會汙名化是非常強烈的,以至於受害者最親密的朋友和家人都不會鼓勵她們向任何人申訴,包括朝鮮當局。
“在我們的社區,一名婦女被三名士兵輪奸。我聽到了人們對她的評價。沒有人談論那三個士兵是誰。人們只會討論他們對她做了什麽。在這樣的環境下,女性如何能大聲說出自己是(性虐待)的受害者呢?”
——恩洙
沒有“兒童性虐待”的概念
性虐待早已在朝鮮被廣泛接受,甚至都不會被認定為犯罪行為。
學校裏沒有關於性、避孕或性傳播疾病的教育課程。學校沒有讓學生意識到性虐待是一種犯罪,人們被故意地保持著對性的無知。
即使在今天,朝鮮的男性也不會將女性兒童視為“未成年”,在將朝鮮女童性化時也不會感到任何的羞恥或內疚。這也正是因為在朝鮮“保護未成年人”的概念並不存在。
忽視
The failure of a parent or other responsible adults to provide for the development or well-being of a child. Children may be neglected in areas such as health, education, emotional development, nutrition, or shelter.
身體忽視
身體忽視可以被定義為忽視的其中一種表現形式,即父母/監護人或照顧者未能提供足夠的食物、衣物、住所、監督或保護,以避免被監護人受到潛在的傷害。
臨時性忽視
父母經常長時間不在家。
40%的人買不起食物。因此,由於缺乏食物和營養供給,朝鮮兒童在身體上遭受著嚴重的忽視。
永久性忽視
“有些父母會把孩子拋棄至極端貧困的深淵。”
一名脫北者表示,如果父母負擔不起撫養孩子的費用,無論年齡大小,孩子們通常都會被直接遺棄。
“沒辦法。我的孩子當時才三四歲,但沒有一個人可以照顧他。”
——韓秀妍
醫療性忽視
醫療性忽視可以被定義為父母/監護人或照顧者未能為兒童獲得適當醫療性照顧的情況,進而使兒童面臨疾患的加重甚至是死亡。朝鮮雖然有公共醫療保健,但很少能夠起到真正的醫療作用。
朝鮮的學校經常要求學生為老師們做體力活,比如務農。這些任務通常都是艱巨且危險的,而且在執行時很少考慮到學生們的人身安全。老師們經常會把孩子們帶出教室,讓他們承擔這樣的體力工作。
朝鮮的兒童經常受傷也是因為他們常常為了宣傳活動或體育運動而接受著嚴格的體能訓練。COI的報告中強調了這樣一個故事:一個孩子在為大型團體操做準備時接受了極高強度的訓練,經常因此暈倒。有時,孩子們也會因為訓練和缺乏藥物而面臨死亡。
教育性忽視
勞動時間
由於孩子們被迫成為童工,學生在校期間經常在校外花時間勞作。
根據脫北者的證詞,只要學生能得到最低保障的大米和蔬菜,在學校期間打工是完全合法的。學生們因此經常被迫進行超負荷性的工作。
培訓性忽視
根據COI的報告,學生們將大部分時間都花在了非學術性的活動上,尤其是在準備大型運動會和其他強製性的大眾宣傳活動時被迫花費了大量的時間。
為了參加大型團體操集訓,學生們會被迫暫停課程4-6個月。這期間是非常辛苦的,因為他們每天都要被迫進行高強度的訓練。
情感忽視
人們對待欺淩的態度通常認為那都是受害者的過錯,因此他們活該受罪。這種對受害者的羞辱造成了在家庭和學校裏家長和老師們對朝鮮兒童的情感忽視。兒童往往會產生這樣的印象: 他們沒有得到照顧,也無法從處於照顧地位的成年人那裏得到任何的情感支持。遭受性虐待的人對自己的遭遇通常保持沈默,這種沈默的影響反過來也加重了情感上的忽視。
“當一個表現不佳的學生出現在班上時,他的同學會把他趕出去並叫他離開。老師和學生之間的緊密聯系會通過完全的隔離和欺淩給表現不佳的學生帶來巨大的壓力。”
——金河洙
心理虐待
Psychological abuse comprises acts that may damage a child’s physical, mental, moral, or social development. This may involve the restriction of movement, blaming or discriminating, among others.
自主暴力
心理和情緒上的壓力大多是由其他類型的虐待(身體、性或忽視)所造成的創傷造成的,隨著時間的推移,這些創傷會被放大。由於無法正確處理自己的情緒,兒童的精神狀態會加速惡化並在心理虐待中具像化。
焦慮和抑郁
朝鮮政府既不向受害者提供任何的幫助,也不試圖評估兒童的心理狀態。被孤立的無助感和日復一日的恐懼使得朝鮮兒童們在心理上受到了嚴重的創傷,使他們無法入眠。
“當孩子長時間被迫訓練或遭受體罰時,父母對他們漠不關心。孩子們甚至連做夢都不敢表達他們想要反抗的意願。”
——金延麗
自殺行為
在極端情況下,自我導向的心理暴力會導致自殺行為,這種行為主要發生在殘疾兒童群體中。殘疾兒童因無法達到朝鮮的“社會標準”而遭到社會和政府的消極對待,大多數殘疾兒童往往在成年之前就會夭折。
“殘疾人唯一的生存辦法是與母親一起生活,直到年老和死亡。我很少看到殘疾人能活到老。他們一般在那之前就都死了。甚至在我父親和我繼母分開後,我同父異母的妹妹也因過量服藥自殺了,當時的她還只有19歲……”
——李熙恩
人際暴力
兒童的內圈
從心理上講,這是最惡劣的虐待形式,因為人際暴力對兒童的發展和安全造成了巨大的傷害,其後果是增加兒童額外的心理壓力和加重自我導向的暴力行為。
社區
老師們經常用暴力行為來懲罰和控製孩子。毆打和體罰是與心理懲罰相結合的。老師們唆使學生們進行惡性競爭,在小組中表現不佳的孩子會被認為是“社會棄兒”。因此,老師給孩子們施加的壓力是與孩子的惡性競爭所產生的壓力相結合的。
集體暴力
集體暴力是指由一個更大的群體實施的暴力行為,包括孩子的同學、學校系統或整個社會。
社會性
不幸的是,口頭性集體攻擊在朝鮮很常見。這種行為是由集體批評會議所引發的,這會在孩子們的心理上留下不可磨滅的印記。
被集體性侮辱的受害者往往會把自己與社會的其他部分隔離開來,但由於朝鮮極端控製系統的威懾,受害者們往往會引火上身。
政治性
公開處決已被證明是一種非常毒辣的手段,因為這警告著朝鮮人民任何試圖反對獨裁者統治的人都會遭遇什麽樣的結局。
死刑的殘忍對孩子們心靈所造成的影響是不容忽視的。
” 10名槍手射殺了4名死刑犯,鮮血四濺。當我看到犯人倒下的畫面,自此吃東西都沒有什麽胃口。”
——金津洙