Life in North Korea Ch

朝鲜的日常生活

朝鲜公民以金日成霸权的主体意识形态为基础接受教育，他们的生活皆由金氏王朝的领导层培养和合法化。这种意识形态的操纵控制了朝鲜人的个人身份，禁锢了朝鲜人的自我意识，残留的只有人权和自由的哀怨之声。

即使朝鲜有法律法规，公民也必须遵守“劳动党建立统一意识形态体系的十项原则”。朝鲜人民被迫强记这些原则，并把它们作为生活的原则。由于这些原则构成了社会一切的基础，人们既不能怀疑国家，也不能妄想作出任何改变。因为批评国家被视为犯罪，一人犯罪，整个家庭都会受到惩罚。为了保护在朝鲜的家人和朋友，我们脱北者的故事都保持匿名，他们的姓氏也不会被公布。

“没有人会愿意出生在朝鲜。——Kyu-Min(1999年脱离朝鲜)

朝鲜是世界上最神秘的国家，外界很难清楚地了解其2500万公民的日常生活。外人对该国的访问受到严格限制，并受到朝鲜当局的密切监控。为作遮掩，朝鲜政府提供的数据经常被夸大或缩小。想要真正了解朝鲜内情，唯一的一个方法就是询问那些已经逃离朝鲜并曾日夜忍受挣扎的脱北者们。由于缺乏生活必需品、遭受非法监禁、被迫劳作、宣传等原因，仅2016年就有30208人冒着生命危险穿越中国和东亚逃离朝鲜，共计约1414人。

“It is better not to know what love is, because it becomes difficult to criticize people you love and empathize with. We criticized our friends every week. When a friend commits a mistake in North Korea, rather than meeting him or her privately to talk about it, it is better to publicly criticize them to set an example for others. [This is called] Saenghwalchonghwa(“the meeting for self-criticism and criticism of others”)

“She had three sons. [...] The younger they are the harder it is for them to endure hunger. The youngest son soon became malnourished and passed away. The second son soon followed. Since there isn’t anything to eat in North Korea, we eat what we can get. We eat roots or anything chewable we find on the streets. [...] I also lost a child, so I know how [the mother] felt. Since my child was not able to get proper medical attention, he became sick at a young age and passed away. I did everything in my power to not let my child starve but it was impossible. He became sick because I couldn’t provide the proper nutrition.

“There was no point in working hard since the Party took most of it. [...] We were only able to maintain our lives by receiving rations. [...] I wanted to leave North Korea so badly [...] I was repatriated several times after being caught by the Chinese police. [...] The third time I put a pin inside my belt in order to commit suicide in case I got caught again. The guards saw me put a pin in my mouth and came running to grab me. One of the female guards places her fingers in my mouth [...] I bit her. My lips and her fingers were bloody [...] Two days after that happened, twenty two defectors, including me, were put on a bus. The female guards whose finger I bit came to me and said “I understand why you did it. You don’t want to go back to that place”.

“In North Korea, [...] you cannot practice religion. It is not about believing in God or not. It is because religion would show the glaring contradictions in North Korea’s ideology”.

“Every generations of a family must serve the Chief commander - if a previous generation commits a crime, then the next generation in punished as well."

Eun-Jung : I was told my grandfather had fled to the South. However, my grandfather did not flee to the South. He simply went missing. Because he liked to drink, there were times when he did not come home. And, one day, he simply went missing. [...] My grandfather could have easily been in an accident after drinking, but nevertheless, my family was involved in his crime through the guilt by association system and were imprisoned in a concentration camp for three generations. I was 13 years old when I was imprisoned for 28 years.

"When I was imprisoned, [...] I saw people die everyday due to starvation, harsh treatment, and diseases. [...] When things were bad, 2 or 3 people died each day. When a person dies there is no time to grieve for that person. Everyone must weed 12 454 square-feet and sow 10 674 square-feet each day. If you don’t do that, you cannot eat anything that day. So, even if a person dies right next to you, you do not have time to look after them.”

“They took my grandmother, mom, dad, and siblings. My two youngest siblings were born in the camp. My grandmother and mom passed away. My younger siblings are still there. I lived there for 28 years but my siblings have been living there for over 40 years. They do not even know why they have to live like that or what crime they have committed"

“I was discharged after ten years. There are policies for vacations, however, no one knows exactly how they work. When there is an order from above some people go on vacation, but if no order is given, no one can go. No one even asked or requested for a vacation. Even sending letters was difficult. People gave up on sending letters because they could not guarantee that the letters would ever reach their destinations.”

In both North Korea and South Korea, military service is mandatory, for ten years in the North, and for two years in the South.

生活必需品短缺

“我们很少从工作中得到钱和粮食，我们总是饿着肚子”。—— 阿荣（化名），纺织厂工人

朝鲜的主要问题之一是持续的饥荒和营养不良。朝鲜人通常只有两种途径获得食物: 通过合法买卖或黑市买卖，又或是依靠政府所提供的有限口粮度日。根据世界粮食计划署(World Food Program)的数据，以2017年1月为基准，朝鲜政府每人每天仅分发400克粮食。2019年1月，由于粮食短缺，粮食配给进一步削减至每人每天300克。这只相当于联合国建议的每人每天600克摄入量的50%。

朝鲜经常遭受洪涝和干旱，2018年的洪涝灾害导致76人死亡，数千人流离失所。政府完全没有应对自然灾害的措施，最明显的表现就是粮食储备的持续减少。从1994年至1998年期间，朝鲜遭受了极端饥荒的“艰苦行军”时期，大约有100万人丧命于饥荒。儿童通常是营养不良的第一受害者，相比较而言朝鲜的儿童死亡率是韩国的十倍有余。

“因为在朝鲜没有吃的，我们能找到什么就吃什么。我们会吃树根和任何可以咀嚼的东西[……] 曾经有一位母亲把她的三个孩子都托付给了托儿所。但最后三个孩子都活活饿死了。”—— 托儿所护士君淑（化名） (2013年脱离朝鲜)

“因为没有药物，也没有足够的医疗器械，我作为一名医生却什么也做不了。就连当地人也不选择找医生了。—— 崔敏（化名），全科医生 (2005年脱离朝鲜)

由于医院里的药品通常都非常昂贵，生病的朝鲜人都会选择去黑市购买他们需要的药品。因为在医院里由于维护不善和电力条件的不稳定，医疗仪器通常都是非常过时和极其不安全的，所以患者通常都会选择在家里养病。

不稳定的电力条件使得人们在冬天无法得到保暖，即使是在平壤的精英公寓里也是如此。在平壤以外的地方，朝鲜人通常会被迫选择烧煤取暖，这亦使他们面临着罹患各种呼吸道疾病的风险。在冬天，白昼的气温会下降到零下13摄氏度 (约8.5华氏度)。“很多孩子都会睡在铁路上，这是因为每当火车经过后，铁轨因摩擦生热在短时间内会有一定的温度。—— 玉菊，外科护士 (1997年脱离朝鲜)。

非法监禁

尽管朝鲜官方不予以承认，但该国被证实存在许多集中营。其中大约有6个集中营是专门用来关押政治犯的。国家政治安全部门(SPSD)在价川管理第14号集中营，第15号集中营在耀德，第16号集中营在化城，第22号集中营在会宁，第25号集中营在清津。北仓第18号集中营由人民安全委员会（PSC）管理。集中营里面的囚犯未经审判就被判刑的案例时有发生。在集中营里，囚犯被殴打、挨饿，并被迫从事体力劳动司空见惯。

朝鲜男性还被强制要求服至少十年的兵役，在此期间他们几乎没有假期。朝鲜人被灌输的思想是憎恨外部世界，尤其是美国和韩国被视为“主要敌人”。

“在朝鲜，人们不可以试图根据自己的想法行事，而是必须按照人们应该做的方式去行动。例如，在谈论美国的时候，人们应该表现出极端愤怒”。—— 电影导演金敏（化名）(1999年脱离朝鲜)

这有助于建立一种“爱国主义精神”，并确保被朝鲜公民视为“保护者”的金氏家族获得永恒的感情支持。

实际上，第18号集中营按照“连坐”制度关押罪犯的亲属。在朝鲜，一个人会为自己没有犯下的罪行遭受惩罚; “连坐”对象代指罪犯的亲属，涉及三代都将被强制监禁。由于父母因祖父母辈犯下的罪行而被监禁，被监禁者的子女们会在集中营里出生和长大，但他们往往并不知道个中原因。对于那些希望逃到韩国的人来说，这是一种非常可怕的威胁，因为他们知道自己的行为会由自己的家人为此付出惨痛的代价。

“外交官出国时不能携带家眷。所有其他家庭成员必须留在朝鲜，本质上是作为人质。—— 永靖，外交官 (2012年脱离朝鲜)

“严重的罪犯将被送到第25号集中营，那是一个会让你无法活着离开的地方”。—— 敏哲（化名）(第15号集中营前囚犯)

集中营被关押的确切人数一直是被讨论的主题之一。一部分学者表示，部分集中营只关押政治犯，另一些集中营则是关押重刑犯、宗教领袖和派系成员等。敏哲(Min-Chul)是其中一位同意向我们讲述他在集中营时期经历的脱北者，他回忆起一名铁路雇员在他所在的城镇分发来自中国的《圣经》案例。

“我记得在他拿到最后判决通知的那天晚上，当他说起“我被判前往清津集中营 (第25号集中营) 服刑15年”时，脸上带着极其释然的微笑……直至他被拖出监狱时还在唱赞美诗歌……那一幕令我永生难忘。”

鼓吹

强迫劳动

“我不得不整天站着。六年里，我双腿的关节都断了，此后我不得不呆在医院里。然而我却很高兴，因为这意味着我终于可以休息了。”—— 阿荣（化名），纺织厂工人 (2009年脱离朝鲜)

逃离

逃跑往往需要冒巨大的风险。但由于朝鲜人的权利不断地受到侵犯，加上饥饿、疲惫以及对自我生命和所爱之人的担忧，每年都会有将近一千多名朝鲜人试图踏上逃亡的旅程。大多数脱北者都要等到冬天，等到鸭绿江结冰的时候穿越江面，但近年来鸭绿江的水流变得越来越弱。在边境，他们也必须避开边防警卫以躲避巡逻搜寻脱北者的中国士兵，然后途径中国和老挝最后抵达泰国。在泰国，脱北者们可以毫无顾虑地向当地的韩国大使馆申请庇护。在经过长时间的检查和审讯之后，被排除间谍嫌疑的脱北者们会被授予韩国国籍，此后他们才能迎来自由的新生活。

所有的证词都来自PSCORE在2015年撰写的一份报告，题为《无面者: 朝鲜不可避免的缺陷故事》。如果您想支持PSCORE对脱北者的援助行动，您可以考虑点击这里购买这本书。另外，您也可以点击这里提供其他帮助。