Life in North Korea Tw

朝鮮的日常生活

朝鮮公民以金日成霸權的主體意識形態為基礎接受教育，他們的生活皆由金氏王朝的領導層培養和合法化。這種意識形態的操縱控製了朝鮮人的個人身份，禁錮了朝鮮人的自我意識，殘留的只有人權和自由的哀怨之聲。

即使朝鮮有法律法規，公民也必須遵守“勞動黨建立統一意識形態體系的十項原則”。朝鮮人民被迫強記這些原則，並把它們作為生活的原則。由於這些原則構成了社會一切的基礎，人們既不能懷疑國家，也不能妄想作出任何改變。因為批評國家被視為犯罪，一人犯罪，整個家庭都會受到懲罰。為了保護在朝鮮的家人和朋友，我們脫北者的故事都保持匿名，他們的姓氏也不會被公布。

“沒有人會願意出生在朝鮮。——Kyu-Min(1999年脫離朝鮮)

朝鮮是世界上最神秘的國家，外界很難清楚地了解其2500萬公民的日常生活。外人對該國的訪問受到嚴格限製，並受到朝鮮當局的密切監控。為作遮掩，朝鮮政府提供的數據經常被誇大或縮小。想要真正了解朝鮮內情，唯一的一個方法就是詢問那些已經逃離朝鮮並曾日夜忍受掙紮的脫北者們。由於缺乏生活必需品、遭受非法監禁、被迫勞作、宣傳等原因，僅2016年就有30208人冒著生命危險穿越中國和東亞逃離朝鮮，共計約

“It is better not to know what love is, because it becomes difficult to criticize people you love and empathize with. We criticized our friends every week. When a friend commits a mistake in North Korea, rather than meeting him or her privately to talk about it, it is better to publicly criticize them to set an example for others. [This is called] Saenghwalchonghwa(“the meeting for self-criticism and criticism of others”)

“She had three sons. [...] The younger they are the harder it is for them to endure hunger. The youngest son soon became malnourished and passed away. The second son soon followed. Since there isn’t anything to eat in North Korea, we eat what we can get. We eat roots or anything chewable we find on the streets. [...] I also lost a child, so I know how [the mother] felt. Since my child was not able to get proper medical attention, he became sick at a young age and passed away. I did everything in my power to not let my child starve but it was impossible. He became sick because I couldn’t provide the proper nutrition.

“There was no point in working hard since the Party took most of it. [...] We were only able to maintain our lives by receiving rations. [...] I wanted to leave North Korea so badly [...] I was repatriated several times after being caught by the Chinese police. [...] The third time I put a pin inside my belt in order to commit suicide in case I got caught again. The guards saw me put a pin in my mouth and came running to grab me. One of the female guards places her fingers in my mouth [...] I bit her. My lips and her fingers were bloody [...] Two days after that happened, twenty two defectors, including me, were put on a bus. The female guards whose finger I bit came to me and said “I understand why you did it. You don’t want to go back to that place”.

“In North Korea, [...] you cannot practice religion. It is not about believing in God or not. It is because religion would show the glaring contradictions in North Korea’s ideology”.

“Every generations of a family must serve the Chief commander - if a previous generation commits a crime, then the next generation in punished as well."

Eun-Jung : I was told my grandfather had fled to the South. However, my grandfather did not flee to the South. He simply went missing. Because he liked to drink, there were times when he did not come home. And, one day, he simply went missing. [...] My grandfather could have easily been in an accident after drinking, but nevertheless, my family was involved in his crime through the guilt by association system and were imprisoned in a concentration camp for three generations. I was 13 years old when I was imprisoned for 28 years.

"When I was imprisoned, [...] I saw people die everyday due to starvation, harsh treatment, and diseases. [...] When things were bad, 2 or 3 people died each day. When a person dies there is no time to grieve for that person. Everyone must weed 12 454 square-feet and sow 10 674 square-feet each day. If you don’t do that, you cannot eat anything that day. So, even if a person dies right next to you, you do not have time to look after them.”

“They took my grandmother, mom, dad, and siblings. My two youngest siblings were born in the camp. My grandmother and mom passed away. My younger siblings are still there. I lived there for 28 years but my siblings have been living there for over 40 years. They do not even know why they have to live like that or what crime they have committed"

“I was discharged after ten years. There are policies for vacations, however, no one knows exactly how they work. When there is an order from above some people go on vacation, but if no order is given, no one can go. No one even asked or requested for a vacation. Even sending letters was difficult. People gave up on sending letters because they could not guarantee that the letters would ever reach their destinations.”

In both North Korea and South Korea, military service is mandatory, for ten years in the North, and for two years in the South.

生活必需品短缺

“我們很少從工作中得到錢和糧食，我們總是餓著肚子”。—— 阿榮（化名），紡織廠工人

朝鮮的主要問題之一是持續的饑荒和營養不良。朝鮮人通常只有兩種途徑獲得食物: 通過合法買賣或黑市買賣，又或是依靠政府所提供的有限口糧度日。根據世界糧食計劃署(World Food Program)的數據，以2017年1月為基準，朝鮮政府每人每天僅分發400克糧食。2019年1月，由於糧食短缺，糧食配給進一步削減至每人每天300克。這只相當於聯合國建議的每人每天600克攝入量的50%。

朝鮮經常遭受洪澇和幹旱，2018年的洪澇災害導致76人死亡，數千人流離失所。政府完全沒有應對自然災害的措施，最明顯的表現就是糧食儲備的持續減少。從1994年至1998年期間，朝鮮遭受了極端饑荒的“艱苦行軍”時期，大約有100萬人喪命於饑荒。兒童通常是營養不良的第一受害者，相比較而言朝鮮的兒童死亡率是韓國的十倍有余。

“因為在朝鮮沒有吃的，我們能找到什麽就吃什麽。我們會吃樹根和任何可以咀嚼的東西[……] 曾經有一位母親把她的三個孩子都托付給了托兒所。但最後三個孩子都活活餓死了。”—— 托兒所護士君淑（化名） (2013年脫離朝鮮)

“因為沒有藥物，也沒有足夠的醫療器械，我作為一名醫生卻什麽也做不了。就連當地人也不選擇找醫生了。—— 崔敏（化名），全科醫生 (2005年脫離朝鮮)

由於醫院裏的藥品通常都非常昂貴，生病的朝鮮人都會選擇去黑市購買他們需要的藥品。因為在醫院裏由於維護不善和電力條件的不穩定，醫療儀器通常都是非常過時和極其不安全的，所以患者通常都會選擇在家裏養病。

不穩定的電力條件使得人們在冬天無法得到保暖，即使是在平壤的精英公寓裏也是如此。在平壤以外的地方，朝鮮人通常會被迫選擇燒煤取暖，這亦使他們面臨著罹患各種呼吸道疾病的風險。在冬天，白晝的氣溫會下降到零下13攝氏度 (約8.5華氏度)。“很多孩子都會睡在鐵路上，這是因為每當火車經過後，鐵軌因摩擦生熱在短時間內會有一定的溫度。—— 玉菊，外科護士 (1997年脫離朝鮮)。

非法監禁

盡管朝鮮官方不予以承認，但該國被證實存在許多集中營。其中大約有6個集中營是專門用來關押政治犯的。國家政治安全部門(SPSD)在價川管理第14號集中營，第15號集中營在耀德，第16號集中營在化城，第22號集中營在會寧，第25號集中營在清津。北倉第18號集中營由人民安全委員會（PSC）管理。集中營裏面的囚犯未經審判就被判刑的案例時有發生。在集中營裏，囚犯被毆打、挨餓，並被迫從事體力勞動司空見慣。

朝鮮男性還被強製要求服至少十年的兵役，在此期間他們幾乎沒有假期。朝鮮人被灌輸的思想是憎恨外部世界，尤其是美國和韓國被視為“主要敵人”。

“在朝鮮，人們不可以試圖根據自己的想法行事，而是必須按照人們應該做的方式去行動。例如，在談論美國的時候，人們應該表現出極端憤怒”。—— 電影導演金敏（化名）(1999年脫離朝鮮)

這有助於建立一種“愛國主義精神”，並確保被朝鮮公民視為“保護者”的金氏家族獲得永恒的感情支持。

實際上，第18號集中營按照“連坐”製度關押罪犯的親屬。在朝鮮，一個人會為自己沒有犯下的罪行遭受懲罰; “連坐”對象代指罪犯的親屬，涉及三代都將被強製監禁。由於父母因祖父母輩犯下的罪行而被監禁，被監禁者的子女們會在集中營裏出生和長大，但他們往往並不知道個中原因。對於那些希望逃到韓國的人來說，這是一種非常可怕的威脅，因為他們知道自己的行為會由自己的家人為此付出慘痛的代價。

“外交官出國時不能攜帶家眷。所有其他家庭成員必須留在朝鮮，本質上是作為人質。—— 永靖，外交官 (2012年脫離朝鮮)

“嚴重的罪犯將被送到第25號集中營，那是一個會讓你無法活著離開的地方”。—— 敏哲（化名）(第15號集中營前囚犯)

集中營被關押的確切人數一直是被討論的主題之一。一部分學者表示，部分集中營只關押政治犯，另一些集中營則是關押重刑犯、宗教領袖和派系成員等。敏哲(Min-Chul)是其中一位同意向我們講述他在集中營時期經歷的脫北者，他回憶起一名鐵路雇員在他所在的城鎮分發來自中國的《聖經》案例。

“我記得在他拿到最後判決通知的那天晚上，當他說起“我被判前往清津集中營 (第25號集中營) 服刑15年”時，臉上帶著極其釋然的微笑……直至他被拖出監獄時還在唱贊美詩歌……那一幕令我永生難忘。”

鼓吹

強迫勞動

“我不得不整天站著。六年裏，我雙腿的關節都斷了，此後我不得不呆在醫院裏。然而我卻很高興，因為這意味著我終於可以休息了。”—— 阿榮（化名），紡織廠工人 (2009年脫離朝鮮)

逃離

逃跑往往需要冒巨大的風險。但由於朝鮮人的權利不斷地受到侵犯，加上饑餓、疲憊以及對自我生命和所愛之人的擔憂，每年都會有將近一千多名朝鮮人試圖踏上逃亡的旅程。大多數脫北者都要等到冬天，等到鴨綠江結冰的時候穿越江面，但近年來鴨綠江的水流變得越來越弱。在邊境，他們也必須避開邊防警衛以躲避巡邏搜尋脫北者的中國士兵，然後途徑中國和老撾最後抵達泰國。在泰國，脫北者們可以毫無顧慮地向當地的韓國大使館申請庇護。在經過長時間的檢查和審訊之後，被排除間諜嫌疑的脫北者們會被授予韓國國籍，此後他們才能迎來自由的新生活。

所有的證詞都來自PSCORE在2015年撰寫的一份報告，題為《無面者: 朝鮮不可避免的缺陷故事》。如果您想支持PSCORE對脫北者的援助行動，您可以考慮點擊這裏購買這本書。另外，您也可以點擊這裏提供其他幫助。